Disasters
are
always inclusive. Response and recovery are not,
unless we plan for it!
In disasters,
people with disabilities continue to lose their health, independence
and sometimes lives because information transfer and lessons documented
over decades, are not yet uniformly learned and applied!
June Isaacson Kailes, Disability Policy
Consultant
Disability
Competencies
Communication
Access
Exercises
Evacuation
Functional Assessment
Service Teams (FAST)
Functional Needs (formerly
special needs)
Funding
Organizing
Community Based Organizations
Organizing
Neighborhoods
Planning
Guides
Continuity of Operations Templates
Promising
Practices
Registries - for People
with Access
and Functional Needs
Sample Plans
Sheltering
State
and Local Government
Training
Whole
Community Planing
Forms,
Checklists, Tools, Samples, etc.
Other
Resources
Communication
Access for People with Limited Speech last accessed 12.26.09
Gear up. Get Ready. It
can happen! The
Access
and Functional Needs (AFN) Emergency Preparedness Resource Guide,
2012
,
last accessed 01.1.13
Research
Report and
Options for Consideration in Community Preparedness Campaign Development,
2012 -
Illinois-Indiana-Wisconsin
Combined Statistical Area Community Preparedness Campaign, A
Collaboration of
the Citizen Preparedness Subcommittee of the Regional Catastrophic
Planning
Team, Research Report and Options for Consideration in Community
Preparedness
Campaign Development, last accessed 01.1.13
Emergency Preparedness From the National Association of the Deaf, last accessed 12.26.09
Emergency
Responder Video (working with Deaf,
Hard of Hearing
and DeafBlind People) – Video is captioned, but not signed, last
accessed
12.26.09
Making
Lessons Documented - Real! - Integrating Disability Issues into
Instructors' Toolkits, with June
Kailes, Hilary Styron and Elizabeth Davis. National Center for
Biomedical Research and Training 4th Annual Instructor Professional
Development Conference Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge River
Center Baton Rouge, LA, 8/17/06.
Orientation
Manual for First Responders on the Evacuation of People with
Disabilities, FA-235 August 2002, FEMA & US
Fire Administration (2002). PDF
Format, last accessed 12.26.09
Project Civic
Access, U.S.
Department of Justice (2004), & Settlement Agreement
Between The United States of America and City of Detroit, Michigan,
Department of Justice Number 204-37-284. last
accessed 01/17/08
Report on Special Needs Assessment for
Katrina Evacuees (SNAKE) Project, National
Organization on Disability, 2005, PDF Format, last
accessed 01/17/08
Saving Lives: Including People with
Disabilities in Emergency Planning, National Council on
Disability, 2005, last
accessed 01/17/08
Improving the Accessibility of Social Media in Government
Web site Access - Web site designers
need to
Build Access in from the beginning by following: 508 and W3C guidelines
(last accessed
07.24.11)
Guidance
for Integrating People with Disabilities in Emergency Drills, Table
Tops and
Exercises Edition 1,
2015.
I prepared
this draft guidance, for North
Carolina Emergency Management. It uses the Homeland Security
Exercise and
Evaluation Program (HSEEP) Master Task List format commonly used in the
field
to provide a set of guiding principles for exercise programs, as well
as a
common approach to exercise program management, design and development,
conduct, evaluation, and improvement planning. The second
column is
what is new and it focuses on steps that to recruit, accommodate,
include, and
get feedback from people with disabilities and others with access and
functional needs in your exercises. It also includes some suggestions
for
injects that can be tailored to your specific exercise.
It
is work in progress, but I thought you would be interested in seeing
and maybe
using it. Your feedback is encouraged.
Access &
Functional Needs Evacuation Planning Toolkit DVD produced
as part of
a pilot project to support counties in planning for the evacuation and
transportation needs of all their citizens during an emergency.
Provides an
introduction to issues to consider while planning for a large scale
evacuation
and provides tools. last accessed 5.7.10
Be
Ready to Go: Evacuation Transportation Planning Tips for People with
Access and
Functional Needs. June
Kailes [2010] last accessed 11.15.10, format PDF
U.S.
Department
of Transportation
Functional Assessment
Service Teams (FAST
“The intent of using
Functional Assessment Service Teams (FASTs) in shelters is to recognize
that some people need assistance with essential functional needs and
some do not. What is important is that response
planning incorporates ways to offer life preservers and safety nets.
Safety nets help
people, whose margin of resiliency is smaller and whose vulnerability
is greater, get essential functional needs met in unstable and changing
environments.
Some people and
systems confuse safety nets with fishing nets. Fishing
nets, as they do with fish, scoop people from environments in which
they coped or thrived, confine them and threaten their health, safety
and independence.”
June Isaacson Kailes, Disability Policy Consultant, 2008
Functional
Assessment Service Teams (LAST
ACCESSED 04.3.09)This site contains information about disaster
sheltering for People with Disabilities and Elderly (PWD/E) and
Functional Assessment Service Teams (FAST):
Functional Needs
(formerly special needs)
Variation
in human ability is ordinary, not special, and, affects most of us for
some part of our lives.
June Isaacson Kailes, Disability Policy
Consultant
Defining
Functional
Needs - Updating CMIST (2017) - resulting
from the evolving of terms as well
as the clarity, precision, and specificity of our thinking and
practice. CMIST
is a memory tool to help people remember and plan for the five
functional needs
individuals may have in an emergency or disaster: communication;
maintaining health; independence; support, safety and
self-determination; and
transportation.
Moving Beyond
ìSpecial Needsî: A Function Based Framework for Emergency Management
and Planning. Kailes, J., Enders, A., (2007), Journal of Disability
Policy Studies. PRO-ED, TX:Austin.
2007. 17: p. 230-237. Formats: PDF,
Microsoft
Word.
Posted 12.26.09
Paradigm Shift in Planning for
Special-Needs Populations. Parsons, B. and Fulmer, D. (2007),
Emergency
Management in Higher Education: Current Practices and Conversations;
Papers from the
2007 FEMA Emergency Management Higher Education Conference. Microsoft Word
Posted 12.26.09
Disaster
Services and "Special Needs:" Term of Art or Meaningless
Term? (PDF) Kailes,
J. (2005), last accessed 01/17/08, Also published in International
Association of Emergency Managers Bulletin, Special Focus Issue:
Emergency Preparedness for Individuals With Disabilities, Part 2.
Functional Needs Planning Rick Tobin interviews June Kailes,
1.16.09, last accessed 12.26.09
Language
Is More than a Trivial Concern! 10th
edition (2010), Kailes, J. Formats: PDF, Sensitizes
people to
appropriate terminology to use when speaking with, writing about or
referring
to people with disabilities. Challenges readers to be aware of the
importance
of using disability-neutral terms. Details preferred language and gives
reasons
for the disability community's preferences. Serves as an excellent
reference
tool for the public, media, marketers, providers and for board members,
staff
and volunteers of disability-related organizations. Includes a language
quiz
and many examples.
Funding
Integrating
Disability Access and Functional Needs Efforts FEMA
Grant Programs Directorate Information
Bulletin No. 361, May 2011
Organizing
Community Based Organizations
Los Angeles County Voluntary Organizations
Active in Disaster. Emergency
Network Los Angeles (last accessed 01/24/08)
Preparing
The Vulnerable Population) -- The Triad Alliance , City of
San Leandro, (last accessed 01/24/08).
Guide to
Organizing Neighborhoods for Preparedness, Response, and Recovery,
Volunteer
Center of Marin (last accessed 01/24/08).
Accommodating Individuals With Disabilities In
The Provision
Of Disaster Mass Care, Housing, And Human Services
last accessed 12.24.11, [2007]
conetnts include:
Continuity
of
Operations Templates - sample of the many available online (last
accessed 04.27.18):
Crisis Response and Disaster Resilience 2030:
Forging Strategic Action in an Age of Uncertainty. Summary of Key
Insights of the 2010-2011 Strategic Foresight Initiative. January 2012 –
“To
ensure our Nation’s resilience to disasters, the emergency management
community
must be postured to manage the complexity, pace of change, and
uncertainty of
the future environment. To do this, the emergency management community
needs to
establish and maintain a foresight
capability — to explore future drivers of change and trends
that could
shape the future, understand their strategic impacts, and develop
actions to
meet future needs to inform decision-making.” format:
PDF,
Last accessed 01.25.12
Developing
and Maintaining Emergency Operations Plans, Comprehensive Preparedness
Guide
(CPG) 101, Version 2.0, November 2010, format: PDF, last
accessed 12.19.10
Provides
FEMA
guidance on the fundamentals of planning and developing emergency
operations
plans (EOP). Shows that EOPs are connected to planning efforts in the
areas of
prevention, protection, response, recovery, and mitigation. Encourages
emergency and homeland security managers to engage the whole community
in
addressing all risks that might impact their jurisdictions.
Incorporates
these concepts from operational planning research and day-to-day
experience:
Effectively
Including People with Disabilities in Policy and Advisory Groups (Edition 2, 2012) PDF, MS Word
(See State and Local Government for description)
Emergency Planning for People With Access and Functional Needs - (2010) Focuses on the need for a plan that covers all members of the community and ways to identify and incorporate populations with functional needs into the emergency planning process. The DVD version of this training is 508 compliant with closed captioning and an audio-only track. last accessed 10.6.12
A Guide for Including People with Disabilities in Disaster Preparedness Planning, Connecticut Developmental Disabilities Network, 20006, Format PDF, last accessed 02/4/08A
Framework of Emergency Preparedness Guidelines for Federal Agencies,
Preparing the Workplace for Everyone: Accounting for the Needs of
People with Disabilities, 7/05,
Format PDF, last accessed
Agency
Disaster Preparedness Plan, Volunteer
Center Serving Howard County, Columbia, Maryland, 7/03, Format PDF,
last accessed 02/4/08
Disaster Planning
Toolkit for the Small to Midsize Business Owner ñ Open for
Business 8/06, Format: PDF, last accessed 02/4/08
Disaster
Training
for Long-Term Care Communities: Will Yours be Prepared? 2006, last
accessed 12.26.09
Experiences of Direct Support Professionals During Hurricanes Katrina and Rita 2007, last accessed 02/4/08
First
Responders Guide
– provides a reference tool for assisting people who have access and
functional
needs during the response and recovery. Content can also be accessed by
mobile
devices at http://terrorism.spcollege.edu.
Includes
checklist, guides, videos (2011) Last accessed 12.24.11
Guidance on Planning and
Responding to the Needs of People with Disabilities and Older Adults
- for emergency managers and planners, and
disability and older adult service systems, for planning and
responding, during disasters and recovery, produced by the Californiaís
Governorís Office of Emergency Services, Office of
Access and Functional Needs. Last accessed 12.26.09
Including
People with Disabilities in Emergency Planning: How Are We Doing?
2007,Format PDF, last accessed 02/4/08
Attachment
A SNF/NF Disaster Preparedness Plan Tool, 11/04
Attachment
B ICF/MR Disaster
Preparedness Plan Tool
Occupant
Emergency Program Guide, U.S.
General Services Administration, Public Buildings Service, Federal
Protective Service, 03-02, Format:
Microsoft Word, last accessed
02/5/08
Pandemic
Influenza Workbook for Long Term Care Providers
California
Association of Health Facilities, August 2007
Self-Assessment
Guide, Disaster Preparedness For Community Care Facilities,
California
Department of Social Service, 11/03, Posted 02/4/08, Format PDF, last
accessed 12.26.09
Access Board Emergency
Evacuation Procedures, (last
accessed 01/24/08).
Agency
Emergency Plan, Formats: PDF, (last
accessed 12.26.09).
City of Oakland’s Access and functional needs annex (last accessed 07.24.11).
Oakland adopted a functional needs plan in part to settle a 2007 lawsuit. The plaintiff’s attorneys, Disability Rights Advocates, described the settlement as the “first constructive resolution in the country in which the broader disability community and a public entity worked cooperatively to develop the best possible plan for disability access to disaster readiness activities.” For more information on the settlement, Oakland’s Functional Needs Annex, and other functional needs planning resources.Functional
Needs Support Services (FNSS) (Texas Toolkit)
Associated Attachments:
People with
Disabilities and Elderly Shelter Annex and Functional Assessment
Service Teams, 7/22/08
Draft, Document is being used in conjunction with the California
Department of Social Services (CDSS) Mass Care and Shelter Plan in
large-scale, multi-county, interregional emergencies and
disasters. This plan will provide the structure, policies,
procedures, and forms for CDSS Disaster Operation Center activation and
operations.
USDA
Employee Emergency Response Guide USDA Headquarters, Washington,
D.C., March 2006, last accessed 02/4/08
U. S. Department of Transportation
Emergency Preparedness Guidelines for People with Disabilities
(last
accessed 01/24/08)
Volunteer Center
Response Plan, The
Volunteerism Project (last accessed 01/24/08).
Volunteer Organized
Initiative for Community Emergencies, How to Create an Agency Disaster
Plan, VOICE of
Contra Costa County (last accessed 01/24/08).
Workbook for Service Providing Agencies, Monterey County Office of Aging, Community, & Employment Services (last accessed 01/24/08).
Citizen Corps
(last accessed 01/24/08).
Crisis Response and Disaster Resilience 2030:
Forging Strategic Action in an Age of Uncertainty. Summary of Key
Insights of the 2010-2011 Strategic Foresight Initiative. January 2012 –
“To
ensure our Nation’s resilience to disasters, the emergency management
community
must be postured to manage the complexity, pace of change, and
uncertainty of
the future environment. To do this, the emergency management community
needs to
establish and maintain a foresight
capability — to explore future drivers of change and trends
that could
shape the future, understand their strategic impacts, and develop
actions to
meet future needs to inform decision-making.” format:
PDF,
Last accessed 01.25.12
Emergency
Prescription Assistance Program (EPAP), a program jointly
administered by
FEMA and the Department of Health and Human Services, which provides a
method
for pharmacies to process claims for prescription medications and
durable
medical equipment to individuals who are from a disaster area declared
by the
President and who do not have any form of health insurance coverage.
(last
accessed 07.24.11)
Getting Real-
2010
Inclusive Emergency Management National Capacity Building Training
Conference
, last
accessed 12.19.10
Site
includes full transcript and videos.
FEMA’s
Office of Disability Integration and Coordination sponsored a 3 day
intensive
cross-training and bridge-building conference in inclusive emergency
preparedness practices with members of the disability and emergency
management
communities for post-training responsibility to engage and educate
others on
how to effectively collaborate in emergency preparedness and disaster
response
and recovery.
Hosted by
FEMA’s Office of Disability Integration and
Coordination with our partners from the FEMA National Protection and
Preparedness Directorate, Individual & Community Preparedness
Division, the
Interagency Coordinating Council on Emergency Preparedness and
Individuals with
Disabilities, the National Council on Disability, the Department of
Justice,
the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Homeland
Security Science and Technology Directorate, American Red Cross and in
coordination with the FEMA Emergency Management Institute.
Lessons Learned
Information Sharing - Department of Homeland
Security/Federal Emergency Management Agency program. LLIS.gov
serves as
the national, online network of lessons learned, best practices, and
innovative
ideas for the emergency management and homeland security communities.LLIS.gov
provides federal, state, and local responders and emergency managers
with information
on planning, training, and operational practices across homeland
security
functional areas. A wealth
of emergency planning information, which includes disability issues,
incident management, training and exercises, public communications,
community preparedness, private sector, critical infrastructure. Must
first register for a log in name and password. (last accessed
07.24.11)
After-Action
Reports - search
hundreds of
AARs from local, state, national, and international exercises and
real-world
events.
Plans, Procedures, Templates, and Tools
Reports and Documents
Community
Engagement: Leadership Tool for Catastrophic Health Events, 2006, last
accessed 12.26.09, Formats: PDF
This long,
but well worth reading, seminal article makes the case for government
leaders, public health and safety professionals, and communities
at-large having complementary and mutually supportive roles in
emergencies.
It details the critical
role that emergency
related community structured dialogue, joint problem solving, and
collaborative action among government, citizens at-large, and local
opinion leaders can play in augmenting governments' abilities to govern
in a crisis, improve application of communally held resources and
lessen community losses.
Community
partners can collaborate with officials to:
Disaster Alternate Care
Facility
Selection Tool A public health emergency can strain the capacity of
hospitals and other traditional venues for medical services. In such
emergencies, it may be necessary to select alternate facilities for
providing
medical care. Two new interactive computer tools, Disaster Alternate
Care
Facility Selection Tool and an ancillary tool, Alternate Care Facility
Patient
Selection Tool, will help institutions and communities select alternate
care
facilities and determine which patients to send to them. last
accessed 12.26.09
Effectively Including People with Disabilities in Policy and Advisory Groups (Edition 2, 2012) PDF, MS Word, last accessed 05.28.13 (See State and Local Government for description)
Getting
Real II:
Promising Practices in Inclusive Emergency Management for the Whole
Community” 9/12-12/11 the Federal Emergency
Management
Agency’s Office of Disability Integration and Coordination hosted a
successful
conference focusing on disability inclusive promising practices in
emergency
management.
All
of the presentations are on-line and cover a range of topics from
empowering
children to become emergency preparedness ambassadors to developing
Smartphone
apps for emergency responders to sign language interpreter strike
teams. The
products related to this conference are accessible. The videos
are
captioned. Most videos include the ASL interpreter in a window. Text
transcripts
and PowerPoint presentations are also accessible and available for
download. Last accessed 12.11.11
In 2009,
the City of Oakland was the
subject of a major lawsuit saying that its emergency management
policies,
practices and procedures fell short of providing individuals with
disabilities an
equal opportunity to survive disasters and other emergencies. Hear how
Oakland
met the challenge by engaging a wide group of stakeholders and
integrating
progressive functional needs access frameworks into all aspects of its
emergency management planning and response programs. The session will
cover the
tools that Oakland created and how local government agencies can
efficiently
and effectively transform their emergency preparedness programs
Also see under Sample Plans: City
of
Oakland’s Access and functional needs annex, Functional Needs Support
Services
(FNSS) (Texas Toolkit)
Cots: Standard, Accessible,
and Medical
4/09 - includes 3 charts showing the differences among standard,
accessible,
and medical cots. There is no legal definition of accessible
cots. This
document defines accessible cots as: 17-19 inches high (not including
the
mattress), a weight capacity of 300+ lbs, and flexible head and feet
positions. The height dimensions provided are from the floor to
the top of
the frame (this excludes any cushion.) Microsoft Word
FEMA
Guidance on Planning for Integration of Functional Needs Support
Services
(FNSS) in General Population Shelters (PDF
7.25MB TXT
466KB) last
accessed 12.19.10 -provides sample lists of durable medical equipment
and
consumable medical supplies to assist emergency managers in their
planning and
preparation efforts to build capacity
Functional Needs Focused Care and Shelter Checklist 4/09-Version 3,
Kailes,
J. Formats:
PDF An adapted version of this checklist is included in City of
Oakland’s Access and functional needs annex: see Sample Plans:
Initial
Intake and Assessment Tool: Determining the Most Appropriate Shelter
Environment
Oakland
California's Journey from Emergency Management Defendant to Model City
for Inclusionary
Practices, (see
Promising
Practices)
Pet
Friendly Shelter Planning - Contains plans, forms, job action
sheets,
checklists, etc. regarding how to open, manage and close a Pet Friendly
Shelter
during a disaster. Last accessed 09.7.12
Service Animals
–
Department of Justice July 2011 revised guidance
on the term “service animal” and the service animal provisions in the
Department’s revised regulations. (Last accessed 07.24.11)
Service
Animals -
working animals that help people live, work and play, what they do and
how they
should be treated them while on the job! View the video Partners in Independence by Ed and Toni last
accessed 01.18.12
The
National Shelter System and Physical Accessibility - Time to Look Under
the
Hood (2017) - focuses
on physical
accessibility, one of the many mass care criteria used by the American
Red
Cross’s National Shelter System (NSS). This focus on facility access is
motivated by being repeatedly told, in my role as a trainer, consultant
and
policy analyst, by emergency management professionals that they do not
need to
survey their mass care sites for physical accessibility, because they
can
depend on the information in the NSS.
The information in this article
is derived from
informal discussions with American Red Cross staff and volunteers.
These
discussions resulted in inconsistent and sometimes contradictory
information
regarding NSS. What follows is a list of questions and concerns
regarding NSS’s
information accuracy, surveyor competencies, and uniformity in applying
standardized policies and procedures across divisions and regions. For
example,
different survey versions of physical access questions appear to be
used in NSS
and in different regions.
Using FEMA’s
functional needs guidance in shelters - with Janice
Springer
DNP, RN, PHN is a Disaster Health Services Advisor in Minnesota and
June
Isaacson Kailes, Disability Policy Consultant June Isaacson Kailes,
Associate
Director, Center for Disability and Health Policy, Western University
of Health
Sciences, Pomona, California, covers how general population shelters
have
incorporated FEMA's Functional Needs
Services and Support
guidance and the Communication, Maintaining Health, Independence,
Safety,
Support, and Self-determination, and Transportation (C-MIST) framework
for
planning and response. (6/26/13)
last accessed 08.16.13
Access
and Functional Services Coordinator, California Governor's Office of
Emergency Service, Proposed Deputy Director Position(Version
3),
Kailes, J. 2007. posted 05/3/07
Accommodating
Individuals with Disabilities in the Provision of Disaster Mass Care,
Housing, nnd Human Services, FEMA. last accessed 01/24/08
ADA
Applies to Restoration of Damaged Facilities, 10/07, FEMA, last accessed 01/24/08
ADA Best
Practices Tool Kit for State and Local Governments (Chapter 7)
last accessed 08/5/07, U.S. Department of Justice,
Civil Rights Division, Disability Rights Section, July 26, 2007,
includes:
An ADA Guide
for Local Governments - Making Community Emergency Preparedness and
Response Programs Accessible to People with Disabilities, U.S.
Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Disability Rights
Section, Last updates 8/06, last accessed 09/12/07
Checklist
for Integrating People with
Disabilities and Others with Access and Functional Needs into Emergency
Planning, Response & Recovery,
2014 Format: PDF
[See: "Forms,
Checklists, Tools, Samples" below for description.
Disaster
Services and "Special Needs:" Term of Art or Meaningless
Term? June Kailes, 2005, last
accessed 01/17/08, Also published in International Association of Emergency
Managers Bulletin, Special Focus Issue: Emergency Preparedness for
Individuals With Disabilities, Part 2, April, 2005.
Effectively
Including People with Disabilities in Policy and Advisory Groups (Edition 2, 2012) PDF, MS Word,
last accessed 05.28.13
Highlights many disaster
response and recovery areas of specific and significant concern to the
diverse disabilities communities in California. It documents the experiences
of people with disabilities and individuals with access and functional
needs. The areas
covered include:
Training
Emergency
Responder Video (working with Deaf, Hard of
Hearing and DeafBlind People) – Video is captioned, but not signed,
last
accessed 12.26.09
First
Responders
Guide – provides a reference tool for assisting people who have
access
and functional needs during the response and recovery. Content can also
be
accessed by mobile devices at http://terrorism.spcollege.edu.
Includes checklist, guides, videos (2011) Last accessed 12.24.11
Just
In Time Disaster Training - Disability Awareness
for Responders
produced by the State of Florida Division of Emergency Management. Last
accessed 02.21.14
Emergency
Response for
People Who Have Access and Functional Needs: A Guide for First
Responders
Videos
(include closed
captioning, Descriptive Video Service / Secondary Audio Program for
people who are
blind or have low vision).
Last accessed
02.21.14. Covers:
Whole
Community Planning
A Whole Community Approach
to Emergency Management: Principles, Themes, and Pathways for Action,
FEMA 2011
Format: Microsoft Word
posted 12.23.11
In the
words of FEMA administrator, Craig Fugate, "if we
wait and plan for people with disabilities after we write the basic
plan, we
fail." Join us for this very important program! Guests included Marcie
Roth, Director of the ODIC; Richard Devylder, Senior Advisor for
Accessible
Transportation at the U.S. Department of Transportation; and June
Isaacson Kailes,
Disability Policy Consultant/Associate Director at Western University
of Health
Sciences, Pomona, California. last accessed 12.11.11
Be Real, Specific, and
Current: Emergency
Preparedness Information for People with Disabilities and Others with
Access
and Functional Needs, Edition 1.0, 2016 Preparedness
information for
the general population is not always equally applicable for people with
disabilities.
General emergency preparedness information is important for everyone.
These
materials can be more inclusive when they contain information that
focuses on
specific functional needs.
Offers
guidance, examples, and resources on promoting or producing these
materials and
includes checking that the content:
For
emergency planners, managers, responders, and public
information officers (PIOs) who have responsibility for developing,
maintaining,
testing, delivering and revising emergency plans and services. Use it
to help:
Updating
Plans, Policies and Procedures - Options
for clearly communicating updates in headers and footers, in update
notices, and in table of contents. Often organizations spend time
updating their emergency preparedness plans, or sections or their plan,
but they fail to date their work.
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